91.2
Velocity (max)
7/24/24
CLASS OF 2025
RHP
1B
Gavin
MacDonald
Legion Collegiate Academy (HS) • SC
6' 4" • 235LBS
R/R • 18yr 2mo
Travel Team: South Charlotte Panthers
6' 4" • 235LBSR/R • 18yr 2mo
Travel Team: South Charlotte Panthers
Rankings
2025 National
Rankings available to Premium Subscriber
2025 State
Rankings available to Premium Subscriber
Commitment
Best Of Stats
Fastball
87 - 90
Velo Range
7/25/24
2257
Spin Rate (avg)
1/20/24
Changeup
82.6 - 83.9
Velo Range
7/24/24
1791
Spin Rate (avg)
8/19/23
Curveball
75 - 78
Velo Range
7/25/24
2325
Spin Rate (avg)
1/20/24
Slider
77.4 - 79.4
Velo Range
5/20/23
2412
Spin Rate (avg)
7/24/24
101.5
Exit Velocity (max)
1/20/24
95.3
Exit Velocity (avg)
8/19/23
350
Distance (max)
8/19/23
83
Sweet Spot %
8/19/23
24.7
Hand Speed (max)
8/19/23
82.8
Bat Speed (max)
8/19/23
14.2
Rot. Acc (max)
7/24/24
100
Hard Hit %
8/19/23
7.06
60
7/24/24
3.95
30-yd
7/24/24
1.66
10-yd
7/24/24
19.7
Run speed (max)
7/24/24
86
INF Velo
8/19/23
-
OF Velo
-
C Velo
-
Pop Time
Positional Tools
2023
2022
Sign in to view rankings 
Infield Velocity
The athlete's maximum throwing velocity from an infield position in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH).
86.0
60 Yard Dash
The athlete's fastest 60-yard dash time in the given event year. Measured in seconds (s)
7.50
Infield Velocity
The athlete's maximum throwing velocity from an infield position in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH).
80.0
Power / Speed Score
A simple calculation that divides the athlete’s Exit Velocity Max by the athlete’s 60 Yard Dash time for the given event year. For example, 98 MPH / 7.00s = 14.00.
12.2
Hitting
2024
2023
2022
Exit Velocity Max
The highest exit velocity of any batted ball in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH).
101.5
Exit Velocity Avg
Average exit velocity of all batted balls in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH).
94.3
Distance Max
The highest flight distance of any batted ball in the given event year. Measured in feet (ft).
333
Distance Avg
Average flight distance of all batted balls in the given event year. Measured in feet (ft).
207
Launch Angle Avg
Average launch angle of all batted balls in the given event year. Measured in degrees.
13.6
Hard Hit %
Percentage of batted balls with exit velocities over 95 MPH in the given event year.
Sweet Spot %
Percentage of batted balls in the given event year with a launch angle between 8° and 32°.
Line Drive %
Percentage of batted balls with launch angles between 10 and 25 degrees in the given event year.
Fly Ball %
Percentage of batted balls with launch angles between 25 and 50 degrees in the given event year.
Ground Ball %
Percentage of batted balls with launch angles below 10 degrees in the given event year.
Exit Velocity Max
The highest exit velocity of any batted ball in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH).
98.6
Exit Velocity Avg
Average exit velocity of all batted balls in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH).
91.1
Distance Max
The highest flight distance of any batted ball in the given event year. Measured in feet (ft).
350
Distance Avg
Average flight distance of all batted balls in the given event year. Measured in feet (ft).
182
Launch Angle Avg
Average launch angle of all batted balls in the given event year. Measured in degrees.
9.9
Hard Hit %
Percentage of batted balls with exit velocities over 95 MPH in the given event year.
Sweet Spot %
Percentage of batted balls in the given event year with a launch angle between 8° and 32°.
Line Drive %
Percentage of batted balls with launch angles between 10 and 25 degrees in the given event year.
Fly Ball %
Percentage of batted balls with launch angles between 25 and 50 degrees in the given event year.
Ground Ball %
Percentage of batted balls with launch angles below 10 degrees in the given event year.
Exit Velocity Max
The highest exit velocity of any batted ball in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH).
91.1
Exit Velocity Avg
Average exit velocity of all batted balls in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH).
76.1
Distance Max
The highest flight distance of any batted ball in the given event year. Measured in feet (ft).
313
Distance Avg
Average flight distance of all batted balls in the given event year. Measured in feet (ft).
169
Launch Angle Avg
Average launch angle of all batted balls in the given event year. Measured in degrees.
25.2
Hard Hit %
Percentage of batted balls with exit velocities over 95 MPH in the given event year.
Sweet Spot %
Percentage of batted balls in the given event year with a launch angle between 8° and 32°.
Line Drive %
Percentage of batted balls with launch angles between 10 and 25 degrees in the given event year.
Fly Ball %
Percentage of batted balls with launch angles between 25 and 50 degrees in the given event year.
Ground Ball %
Percentage of batted balls with launch angles below 10 degrees in the given event year.
Senior Future Games (Class of 2025)
Jul 24, 2024
Trackman - Hitting
99.5
Exit Velocity (max)
93.3
Exit Velocity (avg)
234
Distance (avg)
333
Distance (max)
Hard Hit %
Sweet Spot %
Line Drive %
Fly Ball %
Ground Ball %
Preseason All-State: North
Jan 20, 2024
Trackman - Hitting
101.5
Exit Velocity (max)
94.8
Exit Velocity (avg)
197
Distance (avg)
320
Distance (max)
Hard Hit %
Sweet Spot %
Line Drive %
Fly Ball %
Ground Ball %
Top Prospect Games (Invite-Only)
Aug 19, 2023
Trackman - Hitting
97.5
Exit Velocity (max)
95.3
Exit Velocity (avg)
211
Distance (avg)
350
Distance (max)
Hard Hit %
Sweet Spot %
Line Drive %
Ground Ball %
PBR Scout Day: MegaStars
May 20, 2023
Trackman - Hitting
98.6
Exit Velocity (max)
89.0
Exit Velocity (avg)
167
Distance (avg)
324
Distance (max)
Hard Hit %
Sweet Spot %
Line Drive %
Ground Ball %
PBR Scout Day: 2022 Charlotte MegaStars
Jun 4, 2022
Trackman - Hitting
91.1
Exit Velocity (max)
76.1
Exit Velocity (avg)
169
Distance (avg)
313
Distance (max)
Hard Hit %
Sweet Spot %
Line Drive %
Fly Ball %
Ground Ball %
Hitting
2024
2023
Hand Speed Max
The highest Peak Hand Speed of any swing in the given event year.
22.3
Hand Speed Avg
The average Peak Hand Speed for all swings in the given event year.
21.0
Bat Speed Max
The highest Bat Speed of any swing in the given event year.
78.8
Bat Speed Avg
The average Bat Speed for all swings in the given event year.
74.8
Rotational Acceleration Max
The highest Rotational Acceleration of any swing in the given event year.
Rotational Acceleration Avg
The average Rotational Acceleration for all swings in the given event year.
On-Plane Efficiency Max
The highest On-Plane Efficiency of any swing in the given event year.
On-Plane Efficiency Avg
The average On-Plane Efficiency for all swings in the given event year.
Hand Speed Max
The highest Peak Hand Speed of any swing in the given event year.
24.7
Hand Speed Avg
The average Peak Hand Speed for all swings in the given event year.
22.4
Bat Speed Max
The highest Bat Speed of any swing in the given event year.
82.8
Bat Speed Avg
The average Bat Speed for all swings in the given event year.
78.0
Rotational Acceleration Max
The highest Rotational Acceleration of any swing in the given event year.
Rotational Acceleration Avg
The average Rotational Acceleration for all swings in the given event year.
On-Plane Efficiency Max
The highest On-Plane Efficiency of any swing in the given event year.
On-Plane Efficiency Avg
The average On-Plane Efficiency for all swings in the given event year.
Senior Future Games (Class of 2025)
Jul 24, 2024
Blast - Hitting
21.7
Hand Speed (max)
20.8
Hand Speed (avg)
77.8
Bat Speed (max)
73.9
Bat Speed (avg)
Rot. Acc (max)
Rot. Acc (avg)
On Plane Eff (avg)
MaxOnPlaneEfficiency
Preseason All-State: North
Jan 20, 2024
Blast - Hitting
22.3
Hand Speed (max)
21.3
Hand Speed (avg)
78.8
Bat Speed (max)
75.7
Bat Speed (avg)
Rot. Acc (max)
Rot. Acc (avg)
On Plane Eff (avg)
MaxOnPlaneEfficiency
Top Prospect Games (Invite-Only)
Aug 19, 2023
Blast - Hitting
24.7
Hand Speed (max)
22.4
Hand Speed (avg)
82.8
Bat Speed (max)
78.0
Bat Speed (avg)
Rot. Acc (max)
Rot. Acc (avg)
On Plane Eff (avg)
MaxOnPlaneEfficiency
Pitching
2024
2023
Fastball
Velocity Max
The maximum observed fastball velocity in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH).
91.2
Fastball
Velocity Avg
The average velocity for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH).
88.2
Fastball
Spin Rate Avg
The average rate of spin for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in rotations per minute (RPM).
2135
Fastball
Spin Score Avg
The average Bauer Units value of all fastballs in the given event year. Bauer Units are calculated for each pitch by dividing Spin Rate by Velocity.
24.2
Fastball
Total Movement Avg
The average total non-gravity movement for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in inches (in).
Curveball
Velocity Avg
The average velocity for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH).
75.7
Curveball
Spin Rate Avg
The average rate of spin for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in rotations per minute (RPM).
2325
Curveball
Total Movement Avg
The average total non-gravity movement for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in inches (in).
Changeup
Velocity Avg
The average velocity for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH).
82.1
Changeup
Spin Rate Avg
The average rate of spin for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in rotations per minute (RPM).
1711
Changeup
Total Movement Avg
The average total non-gravity movement for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in inches (in).
Slider
Velocity Avg
The average velocity for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH).
76.7
Slider
Spin Rate Avg
The average rate of spin for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in rotations per minute (RPM).
2412
Slider
Total Movement Avg
The average total non-gravity movement for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in inches (in).
Cutter
Velocity Avg
The average velocity for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH).
80.9
Cutter
Spin Rate Avg
The average rate of spin for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in rotations per minute (RPM).
2156
Cutter
Total Movement Avg
The average total non-gravity movement for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in inches (in).
Fastball
Velocity Max
The maximum observed fastball velocity in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH).
89.9
Fastball
Velocity Avg
The average velocity for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH).
87.7
Fastball
Spin Rate Avg
The average rate of spin for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in rotations per minute (RPM).
2155
Fastball
Spin Score Avg
The average Bauer Units value of all fastballs in the given event year. Bauer Units are calculated for each pitch by dividing Spin Rate by Velocity.
24.6
Fastball
Total Movement Avg
The average total non-gravity movement for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in inches (in).
Changeup
Velocity Avg
The average velocity for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH).
79.3
Changeup
Spin Rate Avg
The average rate of spin for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in rotations per minute (RPM).
1704
Changeup
Total Movement Avg
The average total non-gravity movement for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in inches (in).
Slider
Velocity Avg
The average velocity for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH).
78.0
Slider
Spin Rate Avg
The average rate of spin for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in rotations per minute (RPM).
2159
Slider
Total Movement Avg
The average total non-gravity movement for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in inches (in).
Senior Future Games (Class of 2025)
Jul 24, 2024
Trackman - Fastball
91.2
Velocity (max)
87.1 - 89.7
Velo Range
87.2
Eff Velocity (avg)
2,426
Spin Rate (max)
2,115
Spin Rate (avg)
IVB (max)
IVB (avg)
HM (max)
HM (avg)
Extension (avg)
Release Ht (avg)
Spin Score (max)
Zone %
Trackman - Slider
78.2
Velocity (max)
75.5 - 77.9
Velo Range
74.2
Eff Velocity (avg)
2,541
Spin Rate (max)
2,412
Spin Rate (avg)
IVB (max)
IVB (avg)
HM (max)
HM (avg)
Extension (avg)
Release Ht (avg)
Spin Score (max)
Zone %
Trackman - ChangeUp
83.9
Velocity (max)
82.6 - 83.9
Velo Range
81.7
Eff Velocity (avg)
1,843
Spin Rate (max)
1,749
Spin Rate (avg)
IVB (max)
IVB (avg)
HM (max)
HM (avg)
Extension (avg)
Release Ht (avg)
Spin Score (max)
Preseason All-State: North
Jan 20, 2024
Trackman - Fastball
89.4
Velocity (max)
84.8 - 89.1
Velo Range
88.8
Eff Velocity (avg)
2,327
Spin Rate (max)
2,257
Spin Rate (avg)
IVB (max)
IVB (avg)
HM (max)
HM (avg)
Extension (avg)
Release Ht (avg)
Spin Score (max)
Zone %
Spin Efficiency % (avg)
Trackman - Curveball
76.8
Velocity (max)
75.0 - 76.7
Velo Range
75.8
Eff Velocity (avg)
2,385
Spin Rate (max)
2,325
Spin Rate (avg)
IVB (max)
IVB (avg)
HM (max)
HM (avg)
Extension (avg)
Release Ht (avg)
Spin Score (max)
Zone %
Spin Efficiency % (avg)
Trackman - ChangeUp
81.6
Velocity (max)
81.1 - 81.6
Velo Range
83.4
Eff Velocity (avg)
1,748
Spin Rate (max)
1,686
Spin Rate (avg)
IVB (max)
IVB (avg)
HM (max)
HM (avg)
Extension (avg)
Release Ht (avg)
Spin Score (max)
Zone %
Spin Efficiency % (avg)
Trackman - Cutter
80.9
Velocity (max)
80.9 - 80.9
Velo Range
81.9
Eff Velocity (avg)
2,203
Spin Rate (max)
2,156
Spin Rate (avg)
IVB (max)
IVB (avg)
HM (max)
HM (avg)
Extension (avg)
Release Ht (avg)
Spin Score (max)
Zone %
Spin Efficiency % (avg)
Top Prospect Games (Invite-Only)
Aug 19, 2023
Trackman - Fastball
89.9
Velocity (max)
87.6 - 89.9
Velo Range
86.5
Eff Velocity (avg)
2,264
Spin Rate (max)
2,228
Spin Rate (avg)
IVB (max)
IVB (avg)
HM (max)
HM (avg)
Extension (avg)
Release Ht (avg)
Spin Score (max)
Zone %
Spin Efficiency % (avg)
Trackman - Slider
78.3
Velocity (max)
76.7 - 78.2
Velo Range
75.1
Eff Velocity (avg)
2,319
Spin Rate (max)
2,264
Spin Rate (avg)
IVB (max)
IVB (avg)
HM (max)
HM (avg)
Extension (avg)
Release Ht (avg)
Spin Score (max)
Zone %
Spin Efficiency % (avg)
Trackman - ChangeUp
81.1
Velocity (max)
78.8 - 81.1
Velo Range
79.2
Eff Velocity (avg)
1,826
Spin Rate (max)
1,791
Spin Rate (avg)
IVB (max)
IVB (avg)
HM (max)
HM (avg)
Extension (avg)
Release Ht (avg)
Spin Score (max)
Zone %
Spin Efficiency % (avg)
PBR Scout Day: MegaStars
May 20, 2023
Trackman - Fastball
88.0
Velocity (max)
85.9 - 87.7
Velo Range
85.1
Eff Velocity (avg)
2,240
Spin Rate (max)
2,097
Spin Rate (avg)
IVB (max)
IVB (avg)
HM (max)
HM (avg)
Extension (avg)
Release Ht (avg)
Spin Score (max)
Zone %
Spin Efficiency % (avg)
Trackman - Slider
79.5
Velocity (max)
77.4 - 79.4
Velo Range
76.4
Eff Velocity (avg)
2,164
Spin Rate (max)
2,080
Spin Rate (avg)
IVB (max)
IVB (avg)
HM (max)
HM (avg)
Extension (avg)
Release Ht (avg)
Spin Score (max)
Zone %
Spin Efficiency % (avg)
Trackman - ChangeUp
78.9
Velocity (max)
77.8 - 78.9
Velo Range
77.1
Eff Velocity (avg)
1,638
Spin Rate (max)
1,617
Spin Rate (avg)
IVB (max)
IVB (avg)
HM (max)
HM (avg)
Extension (avg)
Release Ht (avg)
Spin Score (max)
Zone %
Spin Efficiency % (avg)
Pitch Scores
2023
Fastball
Hop+
A fastball with hop has a flat approach angle and visually jumps through the zone. When thrown up in the zone, it is more likely to generate a higher swing and miss average. Hop+ of 100 is MLB average.
Fastball
Sink+
A fastball with sink has low backspin and drops through the strike zone. When thrown down in the zone, it is more likely to generate a higher ground ball percentage and lower launch angle. Sink+ of 100 is MLB average.
Fastball
Rise+
A fastball with rise has a high percentage of backspin. When thrown up in the zone, it is more likely to generate a higher fly ball percentage. Rise+ of 100 is MLB average
Slider
Hammer+
A hammer breaking ball drops vertically with velocity through the zone, or 12-to-6 movement. Hammer+ of 100 is MLB average.
Slider
Sweep+
A sweeping breaking ball moves horizontally with velocity through the zone. Sweep+ of 100 is MLB average.
Pitching Velos
2024
2023
2022
Fastball
Velocity Max
The maximum observed fastball velocity in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH).
91.0
Fastball
Velocity Avg
The average velocity for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH)
87.8
Curveball
Velocity Avg
The average velocity for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH)
76.2
Changeup
Velocity Avg
The average velocity for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH)
81.5
Fastball
Velocity Max
The maximum observed fastball velocity in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH).
88.0
Fastball
Velocity Avg
The average velocity for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH)
87.0
Changeup
Velocity Avg
The average velocity for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH)
78.5
Slider
Velocity Avg
The average velocity for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH)
78.0
Fastball
Velocity Max
The maximum observed fastball velocity in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH).
84.0
Fastball
Velocity Avg
The average velocity for all pitches of this type in the given event year. Measured in miles per hour (MPH)
82.0
Game Performance
2024
2023
10 Yard Dash
The athlete's fastest 0-10-yard split time in the given event year. Measured in seconds.
1.66
30 Yard Dash
The athlete's fastest 0-30-yard split time in the given event year. Measured in seconds.
3.94
60 Yard Dash
The athlete's fastest 0-60-yard time in the given event year. Measured in seconds.
7.06
Top Speed (MPH)
The athlete's fastest split time converted to miles per hour.
RSi
The reactive strength index measurement of an athlete's explosiveness by comparing their jump height to the ground contact time in between their jumps. On a scale of 0-5.
Vertical Jump
A measure of any athlete's body strength and reach calculated from the flight time divided by the contact time.
10 Yard Dash
The athlete's fastest 0-10-yard split time in the given event year. Measured in seconds.
1.69
30 Yard Dash
The athlete's fastest 0-30-yard split time in the given event year. Measured in seconds.
4.00
60 Yard Dash
The athlete's fastest 0-60-yard time in the given event year. Measured in seconds.
7.13
Top Speed (MPH)
The athlete's fastest split time converted to miles per hour.
Senior Future Games (Class of 2025)
Jul 24, 2024
Swift
1.66
10-yd
3.95
30-yd
7.06
60-yd
19.7
Run speed (max)
2.60
RSi (max)
27.7
Jump Height (max)
Preseason All-State: North
Jan 20, 2024
Swift
1.72
10-yd
4.08
30-yd
7.35
60-yd
18.8
Run speed (max)
2.11
RSi (max)
24.5
Jump Height (max)
Visual Edge
2024
Edge Score
The highest Edge Score within the given year. Edge Score is a comprehensive score that takes the core-six visual skills into account, providing an assessment of an athlete’s overall visual ability.
74.43
Pitch Ai
Notes
News
- Senior Future Game Preview: Team Southeast - SC Players - Jul 23, 2024
- PSA North Spotlight: Gavin MacDonald - Apr 16, 2024
- SHIPYARD PBR SHOWDOWN: DAY 4 - Mar 7, 2024
- SC Preseason All-State North: Superlatives - Position Players - Feb 5, 2024
- SC Preseason All-State North: Superlatives - Pitchers - Feb 2, 2024
- SC Preseason All-State North: Blast Leaders - Feb 1, 2024
- SC Preseason All-State North: Quick Hitters - Hitters - Jan 30, 2024
- SC Preseason All-State North: Quick Hitters - Pitchers - Jan 29, 2024
- SC Preseason All-State North: Trackman Hitting Leaders - Jan 26, 2024
- SC Preseason All-State North: Trackman Pitching Leaders - Jan 25, 2024
- SC Preseason All-State North: Statistical Leaders - Jan 24, 2024
- Best of 2023: Best Infield Arm Velocity - Jan 17, 2024
- Best of 2023: Top Fastball Velocity - Jan 10, 2024
- Best of 2023: Top Exit Velocities by Class - Jan 8, 2024
- 2023 PBR Scout Days: Top Slider Metrics - Dec 22, 2023
- 2023 Scout Days: Top INF & OF Arms - Dec 22, 2023
- 2023 PBR Scout Days: Top Fastball Metrics - Dec 20, 2023
- 2023 PBR Scout Days: Best Exit Velocities - Dec 19, 2023
- Uncommitted Underclass Spotlight: Gavin MacDonald - Nov 22, 2023
- Top Prospect Games: Swift Athletics Leaders - Sep 1, 2023
- SC Rankings: 2025 Class New Comers - Aug 31, 2023
- Top Prospect Games: Superlatives - Pitchers - Aug 31, 2023
- Top Prospect Games: Superlatives - Position Players - Aug 30, 2023
- Top Prospect Games: Blast Leaders - Aug 29, 2023
- Top Prospect Games: Trackman Pitching Leaders - Aug 28, 2023
- Top Prospect Games: Trackman Hitting Leaders - Aug 25, 2023
- Statistical Analysis: Top Prospect Games - Aug 24, 2023
- TrackMan Leaders: MegaStar Pitchers - May 30, 2023
- Podcast: Inside the Regional Finals Plus MegaStars & Dry Pond Reports - May 26, 2023
- Trackman Hitting Leaders: Megastars Scout Day - May 26, 2023
- Quick Hitters: MegaStar Pitchers - May 26, 2023
- Quick Hitters: Megastars Scout Day - Position Players - May 24, 2023
- Statistical Breakdown: Charlotte Megastars Scout Day - May 23, 2023
- Trackman Leaders: Charlotte Megastars Hitters - Jun 17, 2022
- Quick Hitters: Charlotte Megastars Scout Day - Pitchers - Jun 10, 2022
Comments
Draft Reports
Contact
Premium Content Area
To unlock contact information, you need to purchase a ScoutPLUS subscription.
Purchase Subscription OR
Login
Physical
2024
Grip Strgth (LH)
Grip strength is a measure of a players bat control and ability to transfer power and speed during impact, measured in pounds of force generated; collected with elbow bent at 90 degrees.
Grip Strgth (RH)
Grip strength is a measure of a players bat control and ability to transfer power and speed during impact, measured in pounds of force generated; collected with elbow bent at 90 degrees.